Project Management Package Drinking Water Bottling Plant

Question: Describe about the Aims of the project, Description of the Organization and Critical evaluation of the practice and measurement of the influence of "Jivan" organization? Answer: Executive Summary Bahrain, an archipelago of 36 land located in the Persian Gulf is an oil producing country. A country, which only focuses on oil production so desalinated water, is not available. Ground water is used for industrial purposes. Therefore, there is an idea of opening an organization of packaged drinking water that will be helpful for the residents of the country to consume clean and germ free water. The organization is a start up in the country so few things have to be kept in mind like the man- power, machinery , production and the packaging of the product. As the organization is a new comer in the country so they are opening it with very few people but in the coming year both the number of workers and their production will also increase. But in the first one year certain things will have to be kept in mind like the sanction of their finance, their registration, no objection letter from the government. In the cost part the organization have to certain things in their mind i.e. capital expenditure, operating expenditure, capital maintenance, additional cost and external cost. At the end it will be seen how the organization is maintaining their man-power and estimating their costs. In the recommendation part it would be described as- Proper budget would be required for each cost segments like capital expenditure, operation expenditure, capital maintenance, additional cost and external costs. All the benefits need to be re-defined. 1.0 Introduction An archipelago of 36 lands, Bahrain is located in the Persian Gulf with a dense population. Bahrain has been experiencing high rates in the growth of population; Damman aquifer provides groundwater by lateral under-flow to Bahrain. There is no system of dams. Treatment of water is very less and if any than water treated through tertiary treatment is only used for agricultural purposes while the rest id released in the sea. Groundwater is used for industrial and domestic purposes and rest is desalinated water which is very less left for consumption. For many years the government has been taking actions to solve the crisis of water but no such results have been seen (BlaÃ…Â ¾ek and Macekov, 2010). The project is based on setting up a packaged drinking unit in Bahrain so fresh water is available for the residents of the country for consumption. This gives the idea about the aims and objectives that is to be taken care, the elaborate description of the organization and the finance re quired to set up a project. Finally suggestions are given to upgrade the project (Sawicki, 2011). 1.2 Aims of the project: To examine and measure the quality of water available in the country To examine the degree of pollution level in the water bodies due to the activities of the residents. To examine the extent of solid wastes disposed in the sea and the method of disposing the same To examine the sewage produced and the quality of the same To examine the socio-economic influence on the population To continuously monitor the materials required and finally used and the deliverables 1.3 Objectives of the project: 1. To lessen the water crisis faced by the population by bringing a unit of packaged drinking water plant.2. To analyze the technique and procedure used in building up the plant with respect to the costs, effectiveness and environmental impact.3. To build up a plant which must be accepted environmentally and be cost-effective.4. To provide fresh drinking water to the residents at a price affordable by the population. 5. To build up a packaged drinking water plant within the country with the help of newer technology and store water for the residents of the country. 1.5 Scope of the project: The scope of the project can be summarized in the following way: 1. To identify the place where the plant is to be set up and the raw materials needed.2. To find the out- What is the condition of the water system of the country? What treatment should be done to the water available?3. To find out -What should be the manpower strength required for the plant?4. To find out- What are the legal procedures that should be undertaken for this kind of project?5. To find and evaluate the costs to be incurred in the project- What should be the capital needed? What should be the operational cost of the entire project? What should be the cost for hiring people for the project?6. To find out the stipulated time needed to complete the project and also to find the crash time if the project time exceeds. 1.6 Description of the Organization Bahrain is an oil producing country. As it is producing oil it is polluting the environment very badly. Drinking water is getting polluted and when common people are drinking that water then they are falling sick and it is affecting their health very badly. So, the company JIVAN is coming up with new plan of packaged drinking water which will be highly filtered so that not a single piece of chemical molecule is found. As the organization is a start up organization in this country so the man-power of this company is very small but the company will be having updated technologies which will help in filtering the water precisely. In the beginning the total number of workers will be working in this organization will be around 10. In the organization, there will be person who will handle the accounts and he will be the cashier also. There will around 6 people who will be falling under grade D. There will be a sweeper, unskilled workers, mechanic driver and a guard. Almost all of them will be permanent staff except the sweeper. In the organization there will be a production manager who will also be the chief under whom the whole work of filtering the water and packaging will be done. He will be supervising the whole matter. A lab assistant will also be there who will also a skilled electrician (Boucekkine, Martinez and Saglam, 2010). 1.7 Description of the project The main aim of the project is to give the common people safe, clean and portable drinking water for their consumption. As it is known that now many organizations are coming up with plant of packaged drinking water so the companys aim will be to reach the common people as fast as possible and fulfill their needs. There is always a demand for drinking water as there are large numbers of hotels because Bahrain is a tourist spot and people are coming from different parts of the world to visit the place (Sullivan and Amacher, 2009). So it is the companys responsibility to give the tourists germ free clean packaged drinking water. To keep the market of packaged drinking water they have to keep their supply high from their competitors and for that the productions of the organization have to be more. The organization will have their own building which would be open for 300days and there will be only one shift. As it is a start up organization so their main focus will be using their full capacity in their second year. The workers will be paid according to the present rate of the market of the industry. The interest of the firm will be calculated @12% per year. Within 8 months period from the installation of the organization they have to complete certain activities like Preparation of schemes and their approval Registration of SSI provisional. Sanction of financial supports. Machinery installation and power connections Trial and Error run of the production. No objection permission from the Government The plant will be located in such a place where there will be easy availability of clean water, electricity and PET bottles and the market is also easily accessible. Manufacturing Process- The flowchart of the manufacturing Process- (Dougherty, Edward and Ragan, 2014) They are starting up this organization due to pollution in drinking water so they have to keep in mind that they are not polluting the environment. As disposal these types of organizations have only waste water which should be treated and effectively used. Measures on conservation of electricity will also be kept in mind. 1.7 Project cost objectives: This section of the study dealt with various cost objectives of the project as well as the procedure to manage the cost objectives. It is noted that the cost objectives are broadly classified under four heads, such as capital expenditure, operation expenses, capital maintenance and external cost. Below are the details of each of the cost objectives: Capital expenditure: Capital expenditure helps us to understand the water quality improvement schemes that incurred to acquired or upgrade physical assets. If the capital costs are involved and it applies to the end users then the costs for that item will be concerned (BlaÃ…Â ¾ek and Macekov, 2010). A] Plant and machinery: Operating expenditure: Operating cost includes additional monitoring costs, energy costs, chemical costs, labour/manpower costs, etc. Additional annual operating costs depends on particular intervention gives us the operating cost (GCPL consolidated net up 2% on higher tax, operating expenditure, 2013). Raw material: Capital maintenance: Capital costs incurred on an improvement system to maintain the existing standard. It says that profit should not be recognized unless a business has at least maintained the amount of its net assets during the period of accounting (Boucekkine, Martinez and Saglam, 2010). Additional costs: Additional costs includes replacement costs, overhead costs etc (Sawicki, 2011). External costs social and environmental costs: External social and environment costs include items like traffic congestion costs, delay to pedestrians due to repair works, noise pollution, carbon impacts of intervention etc. External costs depend on identifying the particular operational improvement in the particular location of implementation (Dougherty, Edward and Ragan, 2014). As per general rule, externalities should be included if they are quantified and although care must be taken to ensure any unquantifiable external impacts that are not completely disregarded (Sullivan and Amacher, 2009). In order to fulfill all the cost objectives, the organization, JIVAN aims to access government funding support for Small and medium size enterprises. The above details explores that the project requires USD $2, 87,806.23. Here, the organization aims to take a loan of USD $ 2, 00,000 from government and rest of the amount will be personal investment. Figure: Procedure to manage cost objectives 1.7.1 Explannation of cost determination for the project In order to determine the cost and schedule for this capital project following stages are followed Conceptualization of project cost and timeline: Before developing the plant for package drinking water bottle, financial and physical feasibility of the capital project are ascertained. Apart from that, in orde to complete the anaylsis, management of the project assigned the staff for producing several options for the site. Estimate proliminary budget and Schedule: The manager of the project designed the details of building costs of the taken project plan and caculate the costs of componenets along with the project budget. For this particular project, manager of this project signed the Capital Imporvement Budget by the campus architect. Project approval Budget and Schedule: Aftercompleting the deisgn phase of the packagedrinking water bottle project, respected manager of this project developed the secobd budget and scheduled properly. However, the alignment of the scope and budget was not approved. Therefore, project manager involve the Value Enginerring session for reconcil without additional funding. Bid Proposal: After completed the drawing of working project, project managers seek the bid proposal from contractor in order to build the project successfully. 1.7.2 Cost Determination Strategy in making a project In order to make the project of Package Drinking Water Bottle, cost based pricing strategy was determined. This cost determination strategy allowed in involving the setting of price in a fixed amount for the making or project. Following diagram is the result of cost determination strategy of this particular project Figure: Typical Activity level of the phase of the project life 4.0 Critical evaluation of the practice and measurement of influence: To minimize the cost objectives the company is using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) technique. CBA is a systematic process or technique through which any company can analyze all the business decision on the basis of the estimation of the strengths and the weakness. It considers both the quantitative and the qualitative factors of the all the investment and the cost company have done. It is also known as Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) (Cost-Benefit Analysis, 2012). So to evaluate the cost of the company they take some of the costs into account. These are as follows Capital Expenditure: Every organization uses some of the bulk amount of their investment as capital cost expenditure or as fixed asset. Capital cost is the main cost which is incurred to set up or upgrade the techniques or assets which is used to start some of the schemes which helps to improve the quality of the packaged water. This also includes the purchasing cost of the raw materials, equipments etc which the company are using to accomplish their purpose. Some of them include cleaning apparatus which are used, washouts, vehicles etc. In capital expenditure all the preparatory cost including the installation cost of the washouts etc. Operating Expenditure: It is also one of the important expenditure of any organization which is includes all the operations which are required to do all the intervention for packaged drinking water. In Operating Expenditure (OPEX) of the company all the labor cost, work cost, transportation cost includes. It also includes that cost, which is lost, or misuse at the time of the cleaning process. Capital Maintenance: In it the costs includes all the maintenance cost, replacing cost of the equipments, the cost which is used to maintain in the expenditure of the quality of the packaged drinking water. Capital costs are also includes the cost which is used to maintain the existing standard. Under capital maintenance, there are two parts financial capital maintenance and physical capital maintenance. The financial maintenance for this project is all the monetary costs, profits and all the financial expenditure. Additional Costs: Under additional cost all the replacement cost, overhead cost, etc that indirectly affects the costs of the company. Additional costs also come under the extra costs of the company. If the additional cost do not come under the capital cost than it will be effect directly into the cost of products. External costs: External costs include all the environmental costs of the company. In external cost, the intervention cost that incurred due to repairing, cost of congestion also includes. External costs also not directly included to the companys cost it is indirectly connected to the company. Some of the cases, external costs may leads to the market failure. This cost actually comes when producing any good or services which also imposes the third party cost. External costs always depend on the operational improvement of the implementation of the new plan (Cost-Benefit Analysis, 2012). 6.0 Recommendations for improvement of the project costs: The above analysis explores that in order to attain success the organization, Jivan need to follow the below mentioned strategy: Be Agile: Appropriate estimation of the project cost. In order to do this, first it requires proper planning of the project with considering all the factors of the project; Do not Micromanage: the organization also requires appropriate estimation of the cost by developing the budget plan so that they have the rough idea where and how can they estimate the incurred costs; Improvement of project management practice: The organization also have to look after all the necessary resources which includes all the indirect cost so that they can estimate the project in a accurate manner so that they can earn profit; Ongoing Planning: JIVAN can also prepare an analysis report of the detailed task so that the work can be performed in a respective manner; Communicate and Visualize all the activities and deliverables of the project: The organization can choose the simplest form to perform the work rather than using complex method so that they can avoid the error in the report analysis. Complete deliverables step-by-step: Project manager has to take the total responsibility of completing the project deliverables according to needs and requirements of the project. Healthy Risk management: This is the most important and effective step of excute a succesfull project. The assign officer with the respected project has to be more responsible in terms of detecting the potentiality of the project as well as issues. 6.1 Conclusion: By concluding this, it describes the main aim of the project that how to estimate the project in such a way that it can incurred the profit by utilizing all the factors. The main points, which it includes, are how they estimate all the costs such as Capital Expenditure, Operating Expenditure, Capital Maintenance, Additional Costs and the External costs in a proper way which can cause them profit. In capital expenditure, it includes all the expenditure of the fixed assets such as costs of the equipments and fittings, vehicles and the costs of the installation of all the washouts. In operating expenditure, it describes all the work cost, labor cost, transportation costs etc. In capital maintenance costs, it defines all the costs of the maintenance, replacing of the equipment, which they use to improve the packaged mineral water. Therefore, they have to look after all the comments and the recommendation that is mentioned in the above points of the study. By referencing and following the above recommendation of the study, they can improve their business plan in such a way that they incur only the profit. References BlaÃ…Â ¾ek, J. and Macekov, M. (2010). Regional Analysis of Public Capital Expenditure: To Which Regions Is Public Capital Expenditure Channelled to Rich or to Poor Ones?.Regional Studies, 44(6), pp.679-696. Boucekkine, R., Martinez, B. and Saglam, C. (2010). CAPITAL MAINTENANCE AS A KEY DEVELOPMENT TOOL.Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 57(5), pp.547-567. Dougherty, K., Edward, J. and Ragan, R. (2014). The value of formalism: re-examining external costs and decision costs with multiple groups.Public Choice. GCPL consolidated net up 2% on higher tax, operating expenditure. (2013).Focus on Surfactants, 2013(12), p.7. Sawicki, P. (2011). Commentary: Does additional benefit justify additional costs of insulin analogues?.BMJ, 343(sep14 1), pp.d5858-d5858. Sullivan, J. and Amacher, G. (2009). Private and Social Costs of Surface Mine Reforestation Performance Criteria.Environmental Management, 45(2), pp.311-319. Cost-Benefit Analysis. (2012). Science, 335(6076), pp.1543-1543.

An Example of Concluding Sentence - An Easy Way to Make Your Closing Paragraph Easy to Read

An Example of Concluding Sentence - An Easy Way to Make Your Closing Paragraph Easy to ReadAn example of concluding sentence is one of the best ways to illustrate how to end a sentence with a statement of fact. An example of concluding sentence will assist you in sending your article, post, or blog post in a manner that best appeals to your readers. When you want to deliver your message clearly and concisely, an example of concluding sentence can be the answer you need.An example of concluding sentence does not always have to be addressed to readers of your work. As we know, your example of concluding sentence will be given in an advertisement for your product or service. In fact, there are thousands of examples of concluding sentences that you could choose from when writing an advertisement. However, one thing is for certain: you will be giving your readers something important when you include an example of concluding sentence.A statement of fact is the best example of a concluding sentence you can include in an advertisement. The statement of fact will help your readers get to know you and the products and services you are offering. That is why your final closing paragraph should always include a statement of fact. By including a statement of fact in your closing paragraph, you will help your readers to make a decision as to whether or not they want to read the rest of your article. They will feel informed and they will be able to make a decision as to whether or not they want to make a purchase.If you have included a statement of fact in your closing paragraph, you will be well on your way to getting your message across to your readers. Many readers will feel educated by your example of concluding sentence. A great example of concluding sentence is not always required, but it can certainly help.As you consider writing your closing paragraph, remember to choose a statement of fact that relates to the product or service you are selling. This will ensure that y ou get your message across to your readers.Although there are many other types of closing paragraphs, you should still keep in mind the fact that your example of concluding sentence should relate to the product or service you are selling. A good example of concluding sentence can be found by choosing a statement of fact related to the topic of your article.If you do decide to use an example of concluding sentence in your closing paragraph, remember to write your closing paragraph in the first person. The last thing you want to do is introduce yourself in the middle of a business transaction.In addition to writing articles and advertisements, you may also want to consider writing books, which could be a perfect example of concluding sentence. In addition to your example of concluding sentence, you should include a compelling closing paragraph. Your closing paragraph should give your readers a good reason to continue reading your article or any article you publish.

Sample of a Sentence Topic Statement For Research Paper

Sample of a Sentence Topic Statement For Research PaperIn researching on ways to improve your research paper, try a sample of a sentence topic statement for research paper. The idea behind this is that the scientific method involves creating something that works and discovering why it works. We could always just come up with a hypothesis, but the key is being able to find the evidence that backs up that hypothesis.A topic sentence statement for research paper can give you a few ideas for research topics that you may want to look into. In addition, the sample of a sentence topic statement for research paper allows you to ask yourself questions that will help you determine if you have all the pieces of the puzzle. So the idea is to go through this statement and to determine what kind of information that you need to find to help you design your study.This sample of a sentence topic statement for research paper gives you a few key points to consider. It will give you some choices in term s of what information you need to find, and in the process give you a general idea of the kind of information that you should consider before you start to do your research. This is a good idea in order to cut out a lot of time, money, and frustration by following a path that has already been figured out.Sample of a sentence topic statement for research paper is used by a great many researchers. It can be very effective because it can give you a couple good options. You may want to take a look at how this sample statement may apply to your particular situation. Maybe you need to find information for your particular job or situation.You can learn more about this sample of a sentence topic statement for research paper, or any research paper you are planning to write, online. One of the reasons why it is so important to utilize this source is because of the tremendous amount of time that is saved as a result of having a paper that is completely up to date. The study it covers helps you create a good outline for your paper, and in the process gives you a good starting point when it comes to brainstorming possible topics.For example, if you were doing a research paper on social behavior in regards to music, or health problems in older people, or things of that nature, this sample of a sentence topic statement for research paper would give you a good starting point to make your own unique analysis. You can learn more about how this research statement can help you during your research by looking at other research papers that are available. This is a good way to get an overview of what research is being done.Taking a look at the sample of a sentence topic statement for research paper that is available will give you an overview of the kind of information that you need to find in order to write a good research paper. Hopefully, you will find it helpful as you begin to design your own research paper. Also, if you are having trouble coming up with topics for your research paper, this statement can help you to have an idea of what kinds of topics you need to look into.

Building Essay Topic - How to Make a Good Topic

Building Essay Topic - How to Make a Good TopicHow to build your essay topic: isolation Frankenstein is the best essay topic and could have a great answer. This has been a question in my mind for quite some time, but not knowing the answer. The answer is there are two essay topics that are really good but the writers have trouble with them.This is the first essay topic, you can look for a good essay topic for. The real question is how to create a thesis statement to start your essay off and then make it as broad as possible.There is a second essay topic that is available, but you need to know how to do it in a way that makes sense to your essay. We have seen this topic before calling Thesis statement. Now, you could copy this exact question from this paper and convert it into an essay topic. Just be sure the words you put in your thesis are unique.Now that we know what the second topic is, lets try to find out what the first topic is called 'Thesis Statement' and how to use this idea to build our essay topic. All of these ideas are amazing and if used correctly will give your essay excellent and unique information.First idea for an essay topic is to write about something that is not familiar to you. This will help make you stand out from the others and will get you a few points in. One example is to write about something you are not good at. This could be driving a car or anything that is easy to write about.Second idea for a topic is to write about something that seems to be really boring to you. By writing about something that seems really boring to you, you are showing the reader that you are down to earth and not perfect, and they will appreciate this and hopefully think more highly of you. This will also show them that you are not going to be a good writer.Here is the idea for the second idea for an essay topic that I am giving. Write about something that seems like a hobby to you, that you enjoy and this will make it seem like a business to you, because o nce you realize that what you enjoy is more important than any other hobby you will realize that is the path to success.Now we have covered some great ideas to build your essay topic. Just remember to not be too specific with your topic and keep it basic. Just be sure that you do not forget that first two ideas that are listed above.

Essay Topics For College Applications

Essay Topics For College ApplicationsEssay topics for college applications are important for many students. Many students think that they need to write essays on every topic, but this isn't the case. You should instead focus on writing about topics that you think will apply to your education and your potential to succeed in college.Here are some great topics for college applications: friendship, high school, university, college and community service. However, you need to write these topics in a way that will allow them to be relevant to your specific situation. There is no right or wrong way to write them, but knowing your subject is important.You need to be able to write without worrying about how specific details apply to your situation. What this means is that the topic should be helpful and pertinent to your situation. If you are applying to be an English major at the University of Florida, and you are also a first-year freshman, your topic should be related to that. If you aren' t sure, look over the topic list for advice.Generally, a general topic is better than one that directly relates to your situation. For example, if you are applying to be a senior at your school, it makes sense to write an essay on what happened to you as a person in high school. On the other hand, if you are applying to be a junior at a school that doesn't offer freshmen, your topic could be a general question such as, 'What is the difference between first and sophomore year?' If you're applying to be a junior at the University of Georgia, your topic might be about community service. A great topic would be something that is appropriate to your level of responsibility at the university.Every college and university have specific details that need to be covered, and they want to know your perspective. For example, if you're applying to a community college, you don't want to focus on a specific geographic location like Georgia or Texas. Instead, you want to give examples of situations y ou experienced in the community. Many colleges will accept the ability to share a story, which gives them more information on your personality and ability to handle difficult situations.If you are applying to the University of Georgia, a good example of this is to share an example of community service. This is an excellent example, because if you are successful in college, you'll be able to find a role in a local nonprofit organization or with a local government. The point of community service is to promote the well-being of the community. It allows you to meet others and to gain new skills that you can apply in the real world.When you write a college application essay, it's all about how you can help people in the world. Writing about this sort of goal has meaning for everyone. It becomes much more meaningful if you share examples of your accomplishments. Also, remember that college is a stressful time. Trying to relate your successes to an average college experience isn't going to help anyone.If you're interested in learning more about essay topics for college applications, it's important to read the topics on your own. It can be done on your own, with minimal supervision, and it can save you time. You may be surprised by the topics you find.

The Right Way to Do Your Homework

The Right Way to Do Your HomeworkDon't you just hate doing your homework? Do you feel like you're studying is putting too much pressure on you? All of this and more can be solved if you take a moment to think about some of the issues associated with completing your homework.You can study whenever you want. You can sit down in the middle of the night and work until you fall asleep or so long as you finish all of your homework before bedtime. This is all the time that you need to get your homework done, don't go over the edge!Make sure you have plenty of free time. Time is money and it takes more time to complete your homework each week than it does to eat at the local restaurant. This is time that you will not be spending with your family or taking care of your family needs.Why not join a local sports team or be a part of your local community? Help out other people and help to make other people's lives better. Is there anything better than helping other people?Make a plan and stick to it. Make a list of everything that you need to do, a comprehensive list of all of your homework assignments, and any extra hours that you may need to study for the next course. This will enable you to remember what you need to do the next time you study for your assignments.Make it fun. You will want to stay motivated to finish your homework and put the time into your schedule. Having fun is important, so consider fun activities for studying. For example, playing games on your computer is a good way to keep your mind busy without having to do your math assignments or handwriting.Make sure that you are creating a homework outline. This will be where you write down the things that you need to learn before tackling the bigger homework assignments. It will also be a great place to list the smaller assignments that are not as important to learning.Make sure that you are doing all of the above, but also make sure that you take a moment to make a list of all of the homework problems that you may encounter throughout the course of the semester. This will allow you to tackle these problems as they come up. Most problems are going to be small, but take the time to make note of them.

Essay Topics For College - How To Find Essay Topics

Essay Topics For College - How To Find Essay TopicsWhen students enter college they may have never used short essay topics for college. While essay topics can vary depending on the specific situation, these topics generally are written for shorter lengths of time. If you are in this situation it is important to write concisely and properly.It is difficult to write a paper when you have had a difficult year. Most students have learned how to study and they know the fundamentals of grammar. Yet, we still have to learn how to write in order to make it through the year.It is important to note that it does not take long to write short essays. As a matter of fact, they can be done without breaking a sweat. While some people may have a tendency to over think the material they read, others do not. If they are given essay topics for college, they will be able to focus more easily on the task at hand.Writing these short essays can be as simple as writing a few sentences about the main topic of the paper. Topics may include things like personal characteristics, problems, or beliefs. They can also cover things like religious beliefs or scientific belief. Many people can add some details to their own perspectives.For an average student, however, they may have trouble coming up with ideas that are not already covered by the material they are reading. There is a general tendency to try to fit as much information into one page as possible. They do not usually realize that if they read several different paragraphs, the ideas will be squeezed into the space provided.If you wish to write interesting essays, it is very important to choose the right essay topics for college. It is no longer enough to go to your local library and find short topics to use. They are only available to students who are taking introductory courses. Most university books are available in print only to those who are majoring in an academic field.College students may have no problem finding a book that is s pecifically tailored to their school. It is even possible to find these books online. These books often have several different essays, and they are sometimes paired with reading exercises. Students will then be able to examine their essays in order to understand how they were written.It is extremely important for students to select short essay topics for college. Not only will it keep them from getting bogged down in information that they do not need, but it will also keep them from trying to make their essay too long. To avoid this, students should first use their notes from school and then spend some time researching their topic. Once they have their topic and essay topics for college set, they should then be able to write their own essay.